Written by Guilhermme Lisboa and Aman Sheth

 

What’s Driving Higher Energy Demand?

As the economy, businesses and consumers become more electrified, they create new kinds of energy loads. Here are three examples:

Electric Vehicle

Electric vehicles (EVs) are on the move—literally and figuratively. As more EVs hit the road, they’re also making energy mobile, consuming energy from different places on the grid at different times, depending on when and where they charge. This requires dynamic, real-time control over the grid so electrons can be pushed to wherever they’re needed.

Data Centers

As data centers handle new demands ranging from artificial intelligence (AI) to virtual reality (VR), they play an increasingly critical role in our digital world—and they consume more power. According to commercial real estate advisor Newmark, U.S. data center power consumption will reach 35 GW by 2030, which is almost double the energy they consumed in 2022. As the world becomes more tech-forward, data center deployment will continue.

Industrial Processes

With record investments in U.S. manufacturing supported by key legislation like the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA), the Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors (CHIPS) and Science Act and the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), the industry is experiencing significant momentum. And many manufacturing and industrial processes require heat—which will require more energy.

 

What This All Means for Power Transmission and Distribution Companies

The time to prepare for more energy demand is now. Grid infrastructure must be ready to support double-digit load increases in relatively short order, which requires rapid planning for and construction of new power generation and transmission systems.

More Power Generation

As energy demand increases, more power generation will be needed. Because energy transition is moving consumers away from fossil fuels and toward sustainable energy, much of this power generation may happen by adding more wind farms, solar farms and other types of renewable energy sources. Traditional power plants, such as gas-fired plants, will also be needed.

More Transmission Lines

Even more challenging than increasing generation is increasing the country’s number of transmission and distribution lines, which carry energy from where it’s generated to where it’s consumed.

In California, for example, it can take 10 years or longer to build a single high-voltage transmission line. The process involves numerous stakeholders, from landowners who must agree on the line’s route to regulatory bodies that must approve and oversee their construction. Also creating challenges is the grid itself, which is undersized, is many decades old and can’t always support increased power transmission and distribution.

Remember: The grid was designed in and for an earlier era. While it has handled growing energy demands so far, it has a limited capacity to do so in the future. Increasing the flow of electrons on the grid could overload infrastructure and impact voltage and frequency stability.

More Substations

In addition to more lines, power transmission and distribution companies will also need more substations to improve grid resilience, integrate renewable sources of energy, reduce the distance between power generation and consumers and distribute energy loads evenly.

Tomorrow’s substations will need to be intelligent to handle more real-time data—from voltage, flow and current measurements to fault detection, event logging and maintenance records. These digital substations use sensors and this real-time data to support remote monitoring and control, enable digital communication and promote efficient, profitable power supply.

Because they contain their own computers, storage, networking, power, cooling and other infrastructure for given workloads, some even refer to these substations as micro data centers.

More Energy Storage

Energy sources like solar and wind aren’t always predictable. Unlike traditional power plants that generate the same amount of energy at the same times, variables like weather, system orientation and maintenance impact renewable energy generation.

Storage systems act as a warehouse to stock pile energy surpluses that are generated during sunny or windy periods—by consumers’ residential systems as well as utilities’ commercial systems—so it can be released when these resources aren’t as plentiful. This ensures a consistent supply of power and can protect against fluctuations in output or prevent voltage drops and blackouts.

New Job Roles

Remember what we said about digital substations becoming data centers? As this transformation happens, power transmission and distribution teams will need new skills.

A data center environment operates much differently than an operational technology (OT) environment (such as a traditional substation). Utility companies will need IT professionals to oversee software and hardware capabilities in complex substation environments that will include servers and other networking equipment.

In some cases, hiring may be necessary. In other cases, upskilling for existing OT team members can help fill gaps.

It’s Time to Accelerate Digitization

As society progresses and consumes more energy per capita, we all have a responsibility to generate, transmit and distribute energy in a sustainable manner.

Belden enables power transmission and distribution companies to accelerate digitization and outperform industry benchmarks in operational areas like substation automation systems, smart grids and load dispatch centers.

The experts and consultants in our Customer Innovation Centers can help you create a digital roadmap so you can start to prepare now for the surge in energy demand ahead and take advantage of the data being captured by your digital substations to improve operations.

 

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When most people think about cybersecurity, IT security comes to mind—but OT security is also crucial to protect digital assets and critical infrastructure.

As IT-OT convergence continues, bridging the gap between the two technology disciplines is crucial to create a comprehensive cybersecurity strategy that protects digital assets and safeguards critical infrastructure.

OT security and IT security are both essential aspects of this strategy. Let’s explore some of the differences and similarities between the two security approaches.

 

Scope & Focus

IT Security

When most people think about cybersecurity, IT security comes to mind. It protects an organization’s information technology systems—which include networks, servers, computers, devices and business data—from malicious activity, breaches, unauthorized access and other types of cyberattacks.

The goal of IT security is to maintain data integrity while protecting an organization’s sensitive enterprise data, ensuring confidentiality and stopping unauthorized users and devices from gaining access to corporate information.

In IT, critical security threats often include data breaches, intellectual property theft and other security incidents that could lead to financial loss, reputational damage or compliance issues.

 

OT Security

As opposed to securing enterprise systems, OT security secures industrial control systems, such as supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. It also protects the physical processes and machinery that support a plant.

The goal of OT security is to prevent cyber-related issues that can cause operational disruptions. Unplanned downtime in an industrial environment can lead to lost production, missed delivery deadlines and inefficient use of staff resources.

It also aims to prevent the compromise of safety and control systems, as well as the disruption of essential services (think water, gas and electricity) or critical infrastructure, by guarding against breaches or attacks that can create safety hazards, equipment damage, physical harm or environmental risks. These can occur when cyberattacks manipulate settings or processes, tamper with systems or cause equipment malfunction.

 

Technology and Environment

IT Security

An IT environment is usually made up of general-purpose computing devices, such as laptops, desktops, printers, servers, cloud infrastructure, mobile devices and web applications. They can be found in almost any office.

As technology and needs change, the lifecycle of these devices tends to be short. They’re often updated or replaced every few years as they become outdated, less efficient or more vulnerable to security risks. As off-the-shelf devices, they usually run on common operating systems and are straightforward to replace.

IT security helps support use of these devices and systems for safe collaboration and file-sharing, internal and external communication and outreach, accounting and financial processes.

 

OT Security

An OT environment involves specialized devices like sensors, programmable logic controllers (PLCs), distributed control systems (DCSs) and industrial machinery. Instead of being housed in offices, these rugged devices can be found right on the plant floor as they support productivity, monitoring and control.

The lifecycle of OT systems tends to be longer than the lifecycle of IT devices and systems. OT systems may be purpose-built for specific applications or environments, running on specialized software and proprietary protocols. As a result, they’re not upgraded or replaced as often as IT equipment.

Real-time operations are critical in OT environments to make sure a plant can facilitate smooth processes, adjust to changing conditions and detect anomalies or hazardous conditions—all while keeping legacy systems and proprietary protocols in mind.

 

Risk Tolerance

IT Security

IT tends to be more dynamic and faster to respond to immediate threats through regular patching, software updates and vulnerability management. These are common IT practices to reduce the risk of cyberattacks.

 

Because IT environments typically include several similar types of devices, the same patch or upgrade can often be rolled out to many machines at once. They can also be scheduled during periods of office downtime to minimize productivity impacts.

 

OT Security

On the plant floor, safety and reliability are front and center. Anything that could potentially impact operations is approached slowly and carefully. The steps often taken in IT to reduce threats, such as immediate patching and running updates, aren’t as accelerated for OT due to constraints like specialized hardware, legacy systems and long lifecycles.

Scheduling downtime to install patches or updates can disrupt critical processes that may negatively impact production and safety. Because OT prioritizes production and physical safety, some vulnerabilities may remain unpatched for extended periods of time as teams assess complexity, compatibility and possible consequences.

 

Regulatory Landscape

IT Security

Depending on the business or industry, IT environments are often subject to specific industry standards and regulations covering data protection. Consider Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS), which governs security practices for handling credit card data, or the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) for patient health information and healthcare settings. Non-compliance can result in fines and penalties.

 

OT Security

Critical industries, such as energy, manufacturing, transportation and utilities, are subject to their own OT security regulations and standards. These compliance requirements often differ from traditional IT security regulations because they prioritize safety, reliability and availability of machinery and processes, with a goal of protecting equipment and infrastructure vs. databases or software.

Frameworks like the NIST Cybersecurity Framework SP 800-82 and IEC 62443 are used in some industries for guidance on things like risk assessment, security controls, incident response and reporting obligations.

 

Skillset and Expertise

IT Security

The professionals who work in IT security require a deep understanding of things like network security, endpoint protection, application security and data security. Because they work closely with data, networks and software, their knowledge lies in addressing traditional cyber threats, such as malware, phishing and unauthorized access.

 

OT Security

OT security professionals require a deep understanding of industrial processes, SCADA systems and ICS protocols. Because they work with physical processes and industrial systems, these professionals must have expertise in securing complex physical systems and mitigating cyber risks to equipment and infrastructure.

 

Helping You Strengthen OT Security

Belden and its brands, including macmon, can help you navigate IT-OT convergence so you can experience the benefits it offers, while reducing the risks it can bring to OT security and systems.

Our broad portfolio of industrial cybersecurity solutions offers visibility to and protection from events that threaten the safety, quality and productivity of control systems.

 

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Written by Patrick Deruytter

Written by Henry Franc

Cable combing or dressing creates neat, organized cables with parallel runs, while also reducing installation time. But find out how it impacts the performance of Category 6A cables.

When your cable installation is exposed and visible, such as in open, overhead cable trays or racks and cabinets, you want it to look professional and pristine. Tangled and misaligned cables are not only unsightly, but also can lead to performance issues if they’re kinked or bent.

That’s where cable combing or dressing comes in. It helps create neat, organized cables with parallel runs. It also reduces labor costs and installation time when multiple cables must be untangled and bundled during a project.

When it comes to lower grades of copper cabling, such as Category 5e and Category 6, combing has always been a regular and recommended practice during installation. But the introduction of Category 6A changed that.

 

How did Category 6A cables change combing practices?

While Category 6A cabling was being developed prior to approval in 2008, it brought with it higher levels of frequency and noise to support 500 MHz of data transmission bandwidth.

But noise sensitivity increases at higher frequencies. As bandwidth increased, so did the importance of controlling cable noise to ensure proper data transmission. First-generation 10GBASE-T systems were so sensitive to noise, in fact, that engineers had to take cell phones out of their pockets before entering lab spaces.

It was also discovered that running Category 6A cables and connectors in parallel was a main contributor to noise—a type of interference we now call “alien crosstalk.”

With lower grades of Category cable and connectors like Category 5e and Category 6, alien crosstalk wasn’t a problem—because it didn’t exist.

Alien crosstalk occurs when a signal on one cable (the “aggressor”) induces noise to the signal of an adjacent cable (the “victim”). Victim and aggressor signals impact each other the most when in parallel. This is why a cable’s copper wires are twisted into pairs: to balance the conductors of a pair and ensure that the differential signal remains equal and opposite. Alien crosstalk must be managed so it doesn’t cause performance issues.

It’s also different from near-end crosstalk (NEXT) and far-end crosstalk (FEXT), which occur within a single cable. Because NEXT and FEXT can be measured and predicted, they can be remediated through digital signal processing. But alien crosstalk is unpredictable interference that comes from outside the cable.

To address this noise-sensitivity issue, manufacturers tried all types of solutions and designs. They did everything from creating cables with very large ODs to using spacers that coiled around the four pairs in an attempt to separate and randomize interfering signals.

Still, due to this level of interference, many manufacturers advised against cable combing for Category 6A—and they still do today.

 

Cable Combing for Category 6A: yes or no?

Today, we often receive questions about cable combing. It was such a common practice with Category 5e and Category 6, but should it be done with Category 6A, given what we learned above? What do best practices dictate?

Here’s our answer: If you use Category 6A solutions from Belden, then cable combing is still fine.

These cables feature our EquiBlock™ design, which provides an equal potential barrier to minimize alien crosstalk to adjacent cables.

We also test our cables to worst-case conditions, using a combed, six-around-one configuration. Six outer cables are laid around a center cable, and cables are tied every 6 to 8 inches along the full length of the channel, bringing connectors closer together as well. Many manufacturers can’t pass six-around-one configuration with four connectors in a shortened (24 m) channel.

Belden passes this testing because its cables and connectors are designed with the best possible balance to exceed all performance characteristics and parameters specified in the Category 6A standard, including alien crosstalk, insertion loss and return loss. And our REVConnect® Connectors provide the best controlled electrical performance possible.

So go ahead—be proud of your installation work and comb your Category 6A cables from Belden if you want. In fact, we encourage it!

It’s important to note, however, that it may be problematic to comb Category 6A cables from other vendors. If another cable manufacturer advises against combing or dressing, then it’s probably wise to listen. Their Category 6A cables likely require randomization (a less tidy installation) to eliminate the potential for alien crosstalk and degraded performance.

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Written by NetModule

The Project

The Rhaetian Railway transports twelve million passengers on adventurous journeys through Graubünden every year. One third of the 385-kilometre-long route network is 1500 metres above sea level. One third is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Thanks to the panoramic Bernina Express and Glacier Express trains and with the Rhaetian Railway in the Albula/Bernina Landscape being named a UNESCO World Heritage, the railway enjoys a global reputation.

In 2016, onway ag (formerly WLAN-Partner AG) installed Public-WiFi at the Rhaetian Railway (RhB) station in St. Moritz as part of a pilot project. Further stations in the RhB network followed. This powerful WiFi is now also being made available to passengers on the train. The RhB already had its own infotainment solution in the Bernina and Glacier Express vehicles. In establishing an internet connection, the company sought to meet the following requirements:

• Passengers can connect to the infotainment via WiFi and still access other activities online, such as chats, social media, etc.;
• All requirements of the Federal Act on the Surveillance of Post and Telecommunications Traffic (SPTA) are met (e.g. identification obligation);
• Fleets can be managed via the same solution.

 

Requirements

The following points convinced RhB that onway’s solution with NetModule hardware was the most suitable:

• Ongoing legal protection of all Public-WiFi internet access points via the same portal and system – continuous flow of information for both trains and stations;
• Passengers only need to register once in a six-month period using an SMS token;Security, reliability and speed
• Central management system for monitoring and managing the entire fleet;
• Ability to offer different usage models for passengers and company employees.of additional devices

 

Solution

On the hardware side, our certified mobile railroad routers of the NB3800 series were used at RhB for easy networking of large fleets. Our NetModule routers were chosen in this project due to the quality, stability, functionality as well as the modularity of the network components. All data traffic from the vehicle is consolidated using these vehicle routers and routed through a secure VPN tunnel via the mobile network to onway’s data centre.

The VPN tunnel terminates here. The data centre fulfils all central functions such as user authentication, filtering and monitoring user traffic, as well as limiting bandwidths and fulfilling the legal requirements according to the SPTA.

 

onway ag

Since 2004, the onway ag team has been supporting its customers in the evaluation, planning, implementation as well as operation and support of their WLAN/Network-Access-Control-Solutions and has already successfully implemented more than 100 projects. NetModule AG supports onway ag with its products in the industrial, bus and railroad sectors through its long-standing partnership.

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