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How Cabling Parameters Impact DSP

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When dealing with subpar cable and patch cords, it can be frustrating to locate what can cause dropped links – and ultimately downtime and business interruption. When cables aren’t constructed appropriately, performance can be impacted by movement, such as being knocked or bumped, or even frequent moves, adds and changes.

In these situations, return loss of the patch cord can be changed to a point to invalidate the digital signal processing (DSP), or echo cancellation, and cause the link to go down until a new set of parameters is calculated.

As the demands for signal transmission continue to increase, and the tolerance for downtime continues to diminish, the issue of maintaining characteristic impedance for cable becomes even more important.

Keep the Eye Clean

Designers of digital systems often look at the digital signal on an oscilloscope to view its eye pattern. An eye pattern is obtained by superimposing actual waveforms for large numbers of transmitted or received symbols. Eye patterns are used to estimate the bit error rate and the signal-to-noise ratio.

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Fiber Infrastructure Deployment: Validate Link Budget

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Prior to deploying a new fiber cabling infrastructure, or reusing the installed infrastructure, it’s vital to understand the link budget of the selected speed and transceivers in the new architecture, as well as the desired number of connections in each link.

In new fiber infrastructure deployment, more stringent link budget specifications will need higher-quality passive optical components with reduced channel insertion loss in the link. Typically, the low-loss connector not only allows more connections, but also supports longer links with solid performance.

As you get ready for new fiber infrastructure deployment, there are four essential checkpoints that you should keep in mind:

  1. Determine the active equipment I/O interface based on application types
  2. Choose optical link media based on reach and speed
  3. Verify optical fiber standards developed by standards bodies
  4. Validate optical link budget based on link distance and number of connection points

In a series of blogs, we have discussed these checkpoints. This blog covers the final checkpoint (No. 4): validating the optical link budget based on link distances and number of connection points.

 

Validating the Multimode Link Budget

The current available ultra-low-loss adaptor is 0.2 dB for MPO-8/12 and 0.35 dB for MPO-24 per connection. These enhancements have been achieved by a combination of new material and polishing methods.

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Budgeting Sufficient Power: Key to Future-proof Fiber Infrastructure

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With the technology transformations happening in today’s enterprises, many types of organizations – from hotels and gaming facilities to schools and offices – are deploying new fiber cabling infrastructure.

However, it’s crucial to understand the power budget of the new architecture, as well as the desired number of connections in each link. The power budget indicates the amount of loss that a link (from the transmitter to the receiver) can tolerate while maintaining an acceptable level of operation.

This blog provides you with multimode fiber (MMF) link specifications so you can ensure your fiber connections have sufficient power for best performance. In an upcoming blog, we’ll cover the link specifications for singlemode fiber.

 

 Attenuation and Effective Modal Bandwidth

The latest IEC and ANSI/TIA standards ratified the maximum cabled fiber attenuation coefficients for OM3 and OM4 to 3.0 dB/km for cabled fiber at 850 nm. Attenuation is also known as “transmission loss,” and is the loss of optical power due to absorption, scattering, bending, etc. as light travels through the fiber. OM4 can support a longer reach than OM3, mainly due to its better light-confining characteristics, defined by its effective modal bandwidth (EMB).

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Checkpoint 3: Optical Fiber Standards for Fiber Infrastructure Deployment

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To reinforce the expanding cloud ecosystem, optical active component vendors have designed and commercialized new transceiver types under multi-source agreements (MSAs) for dissimilar data center types; standards bodies are incorporating these new variants into new standards development.

For example, IEEE 802.3 taskforces are working on 50 Gbps- and 100 Gbps-per-lane technologies for next-generation Ethernet speeds from 50 Gbps to 400 Gbps. Moving from 10 Gbps to 25 Gbps, and then to 50 Gbps and 100 Gbps per lane, creates new challenges in semiconductor integrated circuit design and manufacturing processes, as well as in high-speed data transmission.

Getting ready for new fiber infrastructure deployment to accommodate these upcoming changes, there are four essential checkpoints that we think you should keep in mind:

  1. Determine the active equipment I/O interface based on application types
  2. Choose optical link media based on reach and speed
  3. Verify optical fiber standards developed by standards bodies
  4. Validate optical link budget based on link distance and number of connection points

The first blog published on March 23, 2017 – we are discussing these checkpoints, describing current technology trends and explaining the latest industry standards for data center applications. This blog covers checkpoint No. 3: verifying optical fiber standards developed by standards bodies.

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IT as a Utility

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There are accepted utility services which businesses require in order to function: water, gas, sewer and electricity services are at the very top. As public utilities, these services are provided to all organizations; their cost is typically determined based on usage and demand, and customers pay a metered fee based on individual consumption levels.

When you reflect on public utilities, what comes to mind? How reliant we are on them? How fundamental they are to our survival? How the services are primarily invisible to us, and how we often take them for granted?

When you think about it, many of these statements could also be said about IT networks, especially as they have changed over the past few years to support digital buildings and IoT. It’s becoming extremely common to refer to – or think about – IT as a utility because of how central it is to every business – and to our everyday lives. Enterprise networks are just as vital as electricity and water to keeping a business afloat.

Today’s users expect networks to be fast and fully functional. They do not think about the behind-the-scenes work it takes to make that network connection transpire. When you flip a light switch, do you think about where the electricity is coming from, or the process required to make your overhead lights turn on? When you think about IT as a utility, you expect to be able to connect to a network whenever you want – you assume it will always be available and easy to access, regardless of where you are.

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Category Cables; Planning for Power Delivery

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The utilisation of category cables for power delivery has been getting ample attention lately – especially given the amendment in NEC (2017), NFPA 70 (2017) and potentially CEC C22.1 (2017 proposed revisions). This attention is related to potential safety issues that may emerge when high power, high temperature and high cabling density are present.

The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), Chapter 3, Table 725.144, “Transmission of Power and Data,” contains information about the ampacity rating of conductors at various temperature ratings based on gauge and bundle size. UL has created LP certifications (optional – not required by code) to identify cables that are designed and tested to carry the marked current under reasonable worst-case installation scenarios without exceeding the cable’s temperature rating.

This arose through an allowance in the older version of NEC, which allowed electricians to substitute Class 2 and Class 3 data cables (category cables) for 18 AWG wire in certain instances.

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LAN Cabling: Going Beyond Standards to Improve Capacity

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Cabling standards exist for a purpose – it assists you get the most out of your networks. Many cabling solutions are designed to execute beyond what the standards specify.

When standards for performance are set by groups like the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO/IEC) and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), why go beyond what they advise? Because cable performance which moves beyond standards can lead to a more reliable LAN connection for enterprises.

Bandwidth and Information Capacity

The standards spell out specifications for insertion loss and background noise levels (return loss, near-end crosstalk [NEXT], etc.). If the cable stays within the recommended parameters, the cabling system will function as intended in terms of signal to noise ratio, or information capacity.  For cabling, this is referred to as bandwidth.

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How to Earn LEED Materials & Resources Points for Green Buildings

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LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) is an ecology-oriented building certification program run under the auspices of the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC)

When LEED v4 was launched in 2013, many changes came along with it. One of the major adjustments, in our opinion, has to do with an overhaul of the LEED Materials & Resources credits.

LEED v3 called on project crews to source building products based on a percentage of the total cost of materials that made up the LEED building project. It focused exclusively on single product attributes (such as recycled content) and materials costs.

LEED v4 instead places urgency on the importance of product lifecycle and transparency of product ingredients. LEED Materials & Resources credits now encourage project teams to invest in products and materials that disclose lifecycle information, track environmental impacts of products and reveal the chemical ingredients used in the product. Not only does this switch to the LEED Materials & Resources credits encourage project teams to spend time seeking out environmentally responsible products, but it also benefit manufacturers that produce products with improved (and verified) lifecycle impacts.

 

How to Earn LEED Materials & Resources Points

To gain points in the LEED Materials & Resources category, project teams will need to source 20 qualifying products sourced from five different qualifying manufacturers. These manufacturers, and the products they produce, that have environmental product declarations (EPDs) and either health product declarations (HPDs) or material health assessments (MHAs) can contribute to LEED points.

Even if you’re not currently pursuing a LEED project, paying attention to the building products you use – including cable – offers benefits. Products that can offer LEED Materials & Resources credits ensure that:

  • Products and materials have known hazards revealed
  • Products and materials have undergone processes to document their lifecycle and environmental impacts

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2017 And Digital Buildings

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What is a Digital Building?

A digital building is seamless in operation, thanks to its connected infrastructure. Building systems that have stood alone for years using a combination of twisted-pair cabling, AC power and video cable – voice, data, wireless, lighting, security, AV, etc. – can now be networked together using one common infrastructure. All of these devices, which use Internet protocol (IP) to send and receive data via the network, converge under one umbrella for cost savings, easier maintenance and better building control.

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4 Ways to Reinforce Your Network with Digital Infrastructure

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We have proclaimed 2017 to be “the year of the digital building.” A digital building operates its network to connect previously standalone building systems together using one common, connected digital infrastructure. Through Internet protocol (IP), these devices can send and receive data via the network.

Can we support this ubiquitous LAN (a phrase we coined in 2016 to describe bringing traditionally separate, standalone building systems together under one network) with our digital infrastructure? We’ve mentioned before that your digital infrastructure will make or break your network. The best, most high-performing building systems designed to connect via IP and transmit/receive data won’t do you any good if your digital infrastructure can not provide reliable uptime and fast speeds for data sharing and consumption.

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